Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2018) 22:21539
Concentration-wise, this ingredient is rarely used pure and usually shows up as part of a standardized centella extract where reported content ranges from 0.02-3.06%
From earlier work focused on muscular dystrophy conducted with former Penn Dental Medicine faculty member Elizabeth Barton, now at the University of Florida, the researchers believed that a particular form of IGF, a precursor of the protein that includes a separate component known as an e-peptide, was likely to stimulate regeneration better than mature IGF-1 that lacked the peptide
PubMed, Stead, Lori M., et al
Gastrointestinal irritation Case reports of severe liver, kidney, and neurological toxicities and Priapism Do Not Take if: You are taking diruetics: Tribulus may increase the effects of diuretic drugs
Therefore, PGC-1-induced beneficial effects may play a role in the exercise-induced improvement of atherosclerosis