Most acute side effects are dose-dependent and rate-dependent
Spadin has been described as a naturally secreted peptide that appears to interact with TREK-1 (TWIK-related-potassium channel), a two-pore potassium channel considered relevant in the regulation of neuronal excitability and neurogenic pathways
Mittleman G, Goldowitz D, Heck DH, Blaha CD
The primary molecular actions relevant to skin are: modulation of TGF- signaling (upregulating TGF-1 for collagen I/III synthesis while suppressing TGF-2 to prevent scarring), decorin upregulation for orderly collagen fibril assembly, MMP suppression paired with TIMP upregulation to preserve ECM integrity, and copper-dependent lysyl oxidase activation for collagen crosslinking
My skin is getting whiter and glowing
Such polymers have demonstrated exceptional antibacterial and antiviral activities (Fathi-Karkan et al., 2023