Spironolactone Class * Potassium-sparing diuretic * Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) receptor antagonist Mechanism of Action Spironolactone blocks aldosterone receptors in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, resulting in: * Increased sodium and water excretion * Reduced potassium excretion (potassium retention) * Reduced cardiac and vascular remodeling in heart failure Indications * Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) * Resistant hypertension * Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome) * Ascites due to liver cirrhosis * Edema associated with heart failure or nephrotic syndrome * Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) for hirsutism * Prevention of hypokalemia Dosage Adults * Heart failure: 12.525 mg once daily, titrated as needed * Ascites: 100400 mg daily * Hypertension: 25100 mg daily Adverse Effects Common * Hyperkalemia * Nausea * Dizziness * Fatigue Endocrine Effects * Gynecomastia * Breast tenderness * Erectile dysfunction * Decreased libido * Menstrual irregularities Contraindications * Hyperkalemia * Severe renal impairment * Addison disease * Hypersensitivity to spironolactone Drug Interactions * ACE inhibitors * ARBs * Potassium supplements * Other potassium-sparing diuretics These combinations increase the risk of hyperkalemia
| Womens Health
Cancer patients may experience ascorbic acid deficiency due to reduced intake or altered absorption, systemic inflammation, or treatment consequences (116)
GHK-Cu is available via injection, microneedling protocol, or topical sourced from Florida-licensed compounding pharmacies, administered under provider supervision
Coaching covers nutrition, exercise, and habit-building as part of the treatment rather than as a separate add-on service
IAC, the reaction product of TEMPO and presumably also TEMPOL, showed protective effects in animal models of various diseases, including colitis, Alzheimers disease, and diabetes (Novelli et al., 2007
