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Last Updated: February 17, 2026 Introduction to the PPP The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is primarily catabolic and serves as an alternative glucose oxidizing pathway

However, intracellular GSH at high concentrations inactivates ROS and reduces efficacy

Therefore, in some ways, it reflects that ferroptosis plays an important role in the progression of DKD

The cycle threshold (CT) values of gene expression were normalized to the housekeeping gene -actin, and the expression ratios were calculated using the CT method

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